JQuery give you many functions for making this calls.
JQuery : ajax function
The first one it's using ajax function.The simplest way to use it it's just $.ajax().
All the code bellow has to be into your <script> </script> tags
Examples :
//Call some content from another page
$.ajax({
url: "mycontent.html"
}).done(function( html ) {
$("#target").html(html);
});
Explanation:
With $ character we invoke the object JQuery, which give us the methods like ajax(), the parameters or settings are established inside {} characters, in this case we set the url property, which define the content we want to get.
Finally, its the done event, which is triggered when our content its completely loaded, in this case, we use the method html so all the content loaded is writed inside the target element.
This function has more settings and features, if you want to know more you could go to http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/
JQuery : load function
The firts one it's using ajax function.The simplest way to use it it's just $.ajax().
All the code bellow has to be into your <script> </script> tags
Examples :
//Call some content from another page
$("#target").load("mycontent.html");
Explanation:
The load function it's similar as before, but reduce the code to write, now we
first choose the element and set the url as a parameter in the function.
This two function, it's just the basic, there's more that i will show you later.

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